Marxism and Education Essay Example for Free

Marxism and Education Essay The Marxist point of view of training in the public eye can be entirely faulty on the grounds that Marxist scholars, for example, Louis Althusser, Bowles and Gintis, David Reynolds and Willis all appear to differ with each other. The primary thing I will expound on are the qualities. The qualities about the Marxist view are it calls attention to how belief system is transmitted inside school by means of the shrouded educational plan, how training legitimizes class disparity, it brings up the imbalances of both happenstance and result on the framework and it uncovered the legend of meritocracy. From these focuses I can advise that it attempts to accept that educators are a sort of specialist who are attempting to wrong the kids. Louis Althusser accepted that training is an ideological contraption intended to control kids by indoctrinating them. Applying this thought permits the shrouded educational plan to transmit esteems which are not purposefully intended to occur. With class imbalance it shows that schools are planting an occupation title on youngsters which will connect to their experience. For instance, a child from the regular workers may find a new line of work working at a vehicle produces, while a child from privileged may find a new line of work as a legal advisor. Be that as it may, this truly uncovered the possibility of meritocracy where in the event that you find real success at school you will find a decent line of work as a prize. Presently, I will expound on the shortcomings. The shortcomings are that many regular workers kids do prevail in the instruction framework. It overemphasizes class and overlooks other auxiliary disparities: ethnicity and sex, post-innovators would contend that instruction repeats assorted variety not imbalance and Marxists cannot appear to concur with one another by any stretch of the imagination. From these focuses I can tell that Marxists accept that average workers kids are much less more intelligent than privileged individuals however this isnt genuine in light of the fact that you dont should be a higher class to be more astute than any other person it takes the individual to be resolved to do it without anyone's help. Likewise, the educator could show much more bias to a particular sex in the class like young ladies or simply be founded on the shade of their skin. In this way, you could be the sharpest individual in the class however you might be a dark young lady and I may not single out you. Post-innovators then again additionally contend that training repeats decent variety significance individuals may not be singled out due to their handicap and so on. At long last, my last point is that none of the Marxist scholars cannot concur with one another in light of the fact that every scholar accepts that their hypothesis is right and go out attempting to scrutinize every other person. For instance, Bowles and Gintis were scrutinized by Willis expressing that their examination wasnt inside and out enough yet he could undoubtedly be censured for just looking into 12 young men.

Information Technology vs Industrial Clusters The WritePass Journal

Data Technology versus Industrial Clusters Foundation and Introduction: Data Technology versus Industrial Clusters Foundation and Introduction:Discussion:Conclusion: ReferencesRelated Foundation and Introduction: Data Technology (IT) has been a significant power changing human life on planet earth. It has changed the establishments of business, social, monetary, budgetary, innovative elements of human life. It has encouraged the pace of life just as changed the way of life and speed of human life. Presently with the approach of web, the speed of life has become a significant determinant of keeping pace in various components of life. The importance of business sectors and limits characterizing the business sectors and business spaces have experienced a total change due to the web and cultivating mechanical change that it got its wake. While corporate business world has exploited the web, it has still I the early periods of acknowledging full help and capability of the web. IT examiners proposed tremendous advantages from the web which implied movement and complete physical opportunity from the clients, contenders and physical limits of the market which prior characterized the very furthest reaches of any industry. By mid twentieth century, the business sectors were would in general be characterized at neighborhood level, at city level and at the national levels. There was little notice of the worldwide or worldwide markets. This was a direct result of restricted advancement accomplished in the methods for interchanges and transportations. Most markets were considered as physical definitions or definitions regarding physical nearness of the purchasers and merchants. Each spot where purchasers and merchants could be truly present were characterized as neighborhood markets. Any place the purchasers and dealers could assemble from a national scale were the national markets. The constrained headways in the methods for transport and correspondences were a characteristic hindrance available definition. Conversation: As the industrialization procedure developed and the methods for transport and correspondences additionally developed with them. The start of the railroads framework and the messages and phone achieved a few relaxations in the meaning of the business sectors and the business sectors definitions additionally incorporated the territories from distant here there were clients of any item or administration where transport means, for example, rail lines and correspondence means, for example, phone and transmits approached. Accordingly the methods for transport and interchanges have filled in as a key factor characterizing the land limits of business sectors. The meanings of the market limits has moved connected at the hip with the progressions of the transportation and correspondences. The second 50% of the twentieth century has brought a mechanical insurgency particularly in the IT segment. The PC is the most captivating development of the twentieth century. It has changed the speed and precision levels of the data preparing. It has additionally guaranteed and conveyed straightforwardness and legitimacy. In the last fifty or sixty years the world has seen the ascent of web which has affected the correspondences in an un-point of reference way. The ascent of the web has characterized and reclassified the nuts and bolts of interchanges in each alcove and corner of the world. The business markets and every industry and fragment is profoundly influenced by the development and convenience of web. Among the key advantages visualized by the IT specialists, the Internet was thought to rethink the business sectors too. In a few divisions, for example, administrations banking and retailing and IT, it was believed that the web would present branchless administrations for all intents and purposes taking out the physical nearness of the branches in each zone of the nation. In any case, notwithstanding the wide spread utilization of the web in each office and creation production lines and assembling territory, it is noticed that organizations despite everything like to be situated close to their rivals and outsourcers. Why? This is the essential inquiry that we have to reply in this article. In the customary way to deal with systems administration, most ventures in retailing administrations and banking followed a prudent methodology with their rivals. In each territory, Mcdonalds and KFC and Burger King have their outlets practically close to one another or as close as could reasonably be expected. Banks likewise will in general have their branches close to one another in each territory paying little mind to the volume of business they can get. They go for conspicuousness and nearness as much with respect to their piece of the pie particle each region. The reasons are straightforward and straight forward. Regardless of the utilization of web, physical nearness through an outlet is thought as significant as the piece of the overall industry and deals through that region. Besides the most significant qualities are talked about as follows: In the financial area idea of branchless banking was conceived with the ascent of web. Regardless of after wide spread use and long periods of training and sites each bank has propelled and online administrations transferred on their sites, the online administrations utilized by the customers, clients and banks is frustrated by some plain realities. The mal rehearses, web fakes, webpage hacking and different practices that put the online security of data under question mark, has caused customers, clients and banks to avoid utilizing the online administrations with full certainty. The utilization of the online administrations is restricted and value-based volumes of the online administrations are as yet constrained on account of the restricted trust and certainty earned by the online administrations in view of security of online data. Most organizations and customers and individual clients consider online information to be helpless and inclined to robbery. This makes the utilization o f online administrations be utilized in constrained volume and along these lines restricting the idea of branchless banking. Furthermore, the customary and ordinary financial practices require a physical nearness of the boycott k outlets in every zone so the clients may see and visit the bank they trust and manage. This is inferable from the way that clients vow their trust more with a bank genuinely present than with the one which has a nearness just on the web. The supposed ‘human element’ is still more significant than the innovatively propelled administrations, for example, online banking.â A cutting edge client doesn't have the advantage of time and his time is cash. He needs to contribute his time as much carefully as cash. He realizes that in the event that he botches his time, he will free cash, in this manner time is cash. The ebanking is a response to huge numbers of his needs on this point of view. He can perform a significant number of his occupations and everyday financial exercises which ate into his valuable time, He can manage every single money related action by methods for ebanking. An advanced client is an ebanker. He inclines toward not to visit a bank office as long as he can meet his financial need by means of one of the accessible ebanking means and ways. In this manner, ebanking is considered as a response to a large number of the issues of the client of advanced preparing market. â€Å"Challenges stay even in Latin America. In areas not served by banks most clients open a record principally to get to government assistance installments, or in light of the fact that their manager stores their compensation legitimately into their record. Aside from withdrawals, the most continuous utilization of the records is for making service bill payments.† http://economictimes.indiatimes.com â€Å"The intensity of PDAs has been enormous in the nation, and the branchless financial program would target phone clients with next to zero access to banks, he said.†(www.thejakartapost-banking-start-bali.html) Telebanking is likewise considered as a feature of the web banking. In the telebanking administrations by dialing the given Telebanking number from anyplace, the client can get to their records and by following the easy to understand menu, whole financial set up can be led through Interactive Voice Response (IVR) framework which is reason manufactured and intended to serve the client. There are adequate quantities of chasing lines accessible with this framework and the client calls never come up short or go un joined in. The framework is worked around in a few nearby dialects and acts to the utilization capacity of the client. The cutting edge association is exceptionally intelligent and subject to the ebanking administrations. The records division is utilitarian on ebanking framework and it can check its every day money equalization and issue checks and make installments and move the assets through ebanking and tele-banking administrations alone. It saves money on the time and exert ion of the association. Branchless Banking has potential as expressed by Times of India â€Å"Branchless banking has a tremendous potential to come to the unbanked and underserved portion of the populace, he said and included that the branchless banking unquestionably will help individuals to exploit the financial offices at moderate cost† (http://timesofpakistan.pk) The social factors that tie and characterize business esteems for a particular territory likewise characterize the brand value and piece of the overall industry in explicit pockets of a market compelling organizations to find themselves in every region near their rivals and outsourcers. This powers most banks and retailing organizations like Mc donalds, KFC, Burgar King to loosen up and make their branches accessible in the nearby region of their rivals. In the event that a rival in retailing will have an outlet in one zone, he may well get the touch and feel of the nearby purchasers progressively cozy touch and feel of the neighborhood purchasers. He can react to their requirements more pointedly and definitively than if he isn't there. Same goes for the financial division also. Each branch administrator needs to proceed as a major aspect of his obligations a substantial activity of individual banking and individual connection working with his customers in each pocket of the market to cause its clients to feel at home with their bank. â€Å" Branchless banking is extremely valuable and accommodating in both urban and provincial areas† states (http://telecomnewspk.com) Mind

Another New Semester and A Lot of Cats

Another New Semester and A Lot of Cats This semester has been quite quiet so far just how I like it.  And by quiet, I mean crazy, of course.  I live on Tetazoo, after all. I passed my EMT class during IAP, and then the state practical exam last week.  All that is left is the national exam, which I am taking within the next couple weeks.  Wish me luck!  I have been studying a lot and I really hope I do okay Ive been really nervous! But I am taking it with my good friend Claire L. 17, and I know that we have it in ourselves to do well.  We just have to show the world! Other than all the stress of passing EMT exams, I am trying to take a less stressful courseload, and so far it has been okay.  I am taking one technical class, 3.022, or Microstructural Evolution of Materials.  It is all about materials on the microstructural scale.  I am still a bit confused about what we are learning and what the class is about, which is a bit concerning given that my first exam is next week.  I have been studying what weve learned in class and doing all the problem sets super early, so I hope it goes okay! Other than 3.022, I am working on my management minor with 15.812 and 15.501, or Marketing and Accounting.  I really enjoy these classes, and I can see myself continuing to take many more management classes in the future.  The professors are really incredible and they are also super interested in us as students, and I want to get to know them more throughout the semester.  My accounting professor even has lunches with his students, and I hope that I can attend one eventually! I am also taking two HASS classes this semester, 21W.762 and 21L.430.  21W.762 is a poetry workshop class with the poet and author William Corbet, and he is really awesome.  He brings in new poetry books for us each week and postcards, and he always has new witty comments to make on our comments on different poems or lyrics.  The other class, 21L.430, is Popular Narratives of the Sixties, taught by the East Campus Housemaster, Kate Delaney.  Kate and Tom Delaney are retiring and moving to Hawaii after this semester, and when I found that out I knew that I needed to take a Delaney class before they left.  The class has been really cool so far we read and watched Catch-22, talked about what defines the sixties, and watched Dr. Strangelove.  All were interesting novels and movies and I am excited to read the rest of the books and watch the rest of the movies for the class. So there is a quick update on my life.  I am still a Medlink and I am still an EMT, but I am no longer attending pistol practice or working as many hours as a Tour Guide and Career Services desk worker or UROPing in order to focus more on my academics. Anyway, now I want to show you pictures of cute animals and other things that I have seen around MIT, whether it is in my dorm or around campus.  Here you go. Cats Galileo: Derp Cat: Thor: Muffin: Snowy MIT Thats right, Ive been running around campus every time it snows screaming, ITS SO PRETTY!!! (My creepy shot of these people building a really pretty snowman) The Cooking/Baking Ive been cooking and baking a lot lately, and our vegetarian co-op is just starting up again on my hall!  Each week, pairs of people cook and serve a vegetarian meal to a group of about 12 people who live on my hall. I cook for the first time tomorrow! My friend Marvin R. 16 and I are making a bean casserole dish that is supposed to be really tasty! Over the past few weeks I have made a pretty quiche: And a beautiful strawberry pie: They were both really good. I am proud of myself! My New Friend This is my new squishable Batty!!  He comforts me during stressful times.  I got him as a mystery squishable during one of my friends orders. MIT Excellence Awards Chris Peterson and I got to go on stage and receive MIT Excellence Awards  today! I went on stage with many other members of MIT EMS to receive the first Collier Medal.  It was a great honor and although I did not know Sean Collier (the officer who was shot on duty last April on MIT campus) personally, many people in the service did and it was incredible to see how appreciative the MIT community was of our service and the many hours we volunteer each year. Chris Peterson won a different award the Innovative Solutions award!  The presenter mentioned his awesome work with creating the MIT Imagination admissions video and his dedication to MIT students as a senior admissions officer. I am extremely happy that he received this award.  Chris Peterson is such an incredible person and he absolutely deserves it.  After he was named as the recipient at the ceremony, I e-mailed this blurry picture of him to our admissions bloggers mailing list, and within a couple of hours there were 25+ replies congratulating Petey and just being so immensely proud of our friend. Again, I am really happy that Petey received this award he is the master of innovation, and a really awesome person :)

International Business Case Study - 2274 Words

International Business Case Study Sun Life Financial and Indian Economic Surge How is the Insurance market in India changing? Why is India an attractive market for investment? The insurance market in India has undergone significant changes over the past few years The Insurance Act of 1938 was the first legislation governing all forms of insurance to provide strict state control over insurance business. Life insurance in India was completely nationalized on January 19, 1956, through the Life Insurance Corporation Act. All 245 insurance companies operating then in the country were merged into one entity, the Life Insurance Corporation of India 1972 - The General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972 nationalized the†¦show more content†¦Liberalization on the Insurance sectors allowed foreign players to enter the market with Indian partners. India also offered immense possibilities to foreign Insurers since it is the world s most populous country having over a billion people. Indian population comprised of 1.05 billion, savings rate being 26 percent and middle class population of 300 million, out of which only 110 million were insured. Insurance density in country, based on per capita premium was just $5 in life insurance segment and $2 in general segment. The share of life insurance premium to GDP was 1.29 percent. Sun Life Financials studied the Indian scenario and saw great untapped potential in Indian Insurance market, economic stability and growth prospects and hence decided to enter Indian Market. What was the entry mode in India for Sun Financials and why? Sun Financials entered the Indian market through a joint venture with the Aditya Birla Group. The joint venture was called Birla Sun Life Insurance Company. The structure and equity pattern was Indian Rayon and Birla Global Finance Ltd having a stake of 69 percent and 5 percent respectively while Sun Life Financial held 26 percent. Sun Life Financials holding was limited to 26 percent because the Indian government set up the Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (â€Å"IRDA†) inShow MoreRelatedInternational Business Case Study7015 Words   |  29 PagesAssociation of Business Executives QCF International Business Case Study Fiat Automobiles S.p.A Tuesday 4 June 2013, Afternoon This is an open-book examination, and you may consult any previously prepared written material or texts during the examination. Only answers that are written during the examination in the answer book supplied by the examination centre will be marked. 6IBCS0613  © ABE 2013 J/601/2793 Notes l As in real life, anomalies may be found in this Case Study. PleaseRead MoreInternational Business Case Study934 Words   |  4 Pagescontaining vitamins and minerals which can prevent heart disease, obesity and dental problems. 2. What, if anything, can Western countries do to help improve the political climate for doing business in Vietnam? 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However, I feel the potentially high revenues could be significant. Association for the Study of International Business (ASIB) Online Revenue Models Internet Commerce Chapter 3, Case 2 This report covers recommended online revenue models for ASIB’s journals, â€Å"Annals of International Business† and â€Å"International Business Today.† ASIB’s current net profit for both journals is $14,400 per year. My revenue model recommendations would amount to a profitRead MoreGreece International Business Case Study1200 Words   |  5 PagesGreece’s International Business Greece  achieved  independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830.  all through  the second  half  of the  10th  century and the first  half of  the 20th century, it  step by step  delivered  neighboring islands and territories,  most  with Greek-talking  populations. In  world  struggle  II, Greece  become  first invaded  by  Italy (1940) and  in the end occupied  with the aid of  Germany (1941) combating  continued  in a long  civil  warfare  between supporters of the king and  different  anti-communistRead MoreInternational Business Programs Case Study834 Words   |  4 Pageswant to get connected with the international programs, they can do so, by learning who the faculty and staff are. There are numerous of faculty and staff members on the international programs. 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Realism and the Humanities - 1718 Words

Realism in and of itself is a broad subject, and has many different areas that can be discussed. The Realism Movement directly challenged Romanticism and the romanticists, because it was more interested in showing how things were, rather than feelings, beauty, and subjectivity that the romantics favored. Many things were gained from the movement, and its effects still stay around today. This is obvious in various works, like Chekhov and Ibsen, and in artwork that is still revered today. The Realism Movement impacted many different areas in literature and the arts, and spanned many countries and centuries, affecting and changing how these things were, and are still, viewed by the people. Realism was first established in France during the late eighteenth/ early nineteenth century to describe literary and visual works where the aim was to create something that accurately showed the world as it was. Nineteenth century Realism was a response to nineteenth century Romanticism, which caused many novelists to focus on the lives and suffering of middle class citizens (â€Å"Realism.† The Bloomsbury Dictionary of English Literature). Realism, though, is not just that simple, because there are different types. For example, the realism that existed in America was different from realism in Europe, but also literature in general. American Realism focused on the rough parts of life, rather than showing life exactly as it was, because during the Civil War writers were unable to see anythingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Effects of the Civil War on the United States574 Words   |  3 Pagesfamilies, or even to humanity as a whole. They had to decide if it was right to own another person, or if the slavery system was justified as a way to keep the Southern economy going. 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Furthermore, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† uses aspects of magical realism, such as transformation of common, distortion of time and loss of identity, featured in other magical realism works such as â€Å"Axolotl† and â€Å"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World†. Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorp hosis† has both absurdist fiction and magical realism traits, therefore, should not only be classified as magical realism but as a combination of both. â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is a prime example of absurdist fictionRead MoreThe Elephant Vanishes by Murakami752 Words   |  3 Pagesto new ideas, thoughts, and opinions. Keeping in mind that The Elephant Vanishes has been translated from the originally stocked Japanese, instead of addressing language, it would be more interesting to review characters, themes/motifs/plots, and realism. Many would argue that a story cannot exist while not made with human characters. The characters Murakami selects reveal his interest in humanity’s deepest secrets.. Most of his stories are told with a robust interior driven person teller, howeverRead MoreThree Ideologies of Political Economy Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesrobust debate. At the core of the debate are the three main philosophical ideologies (Realism, Liberalism and Marxism) which create conflicts revolving around the role and significance of the market in the organization of society and economic affairs. This paper will analyze these three philosophical ideologies and explain how the advocates of these ideologies would assess the phenomenon of global integration. Realism, Liberalism and Marxism differ significantly in relation to the IPE. The realist viewRead MoreMise-en-Scene in Edward Scissorhands Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagessensitive, bewildered by the humanity around him, yet is terrifying- someone who has scissors, the deadly weaponry, for hands. Many viewers may read this film as a â€Å"Tim Burton† type of fairytale which includes both an alternative aspect and romance. However, through the presentation of mise-en-scene in this film, Burton drives in a much more serious subject of social criticism by establishing two different understandings of life in the movie. To begin, the idea of two realisms is first illustrated inRead MoreCallicles on Moral Realism1391 Words   |  6 PagesFall 2012 In Callicles argument on the Superior Individual, Callicles reasoned that in nature as well as humanity the strong dominates the weak. Also known as Moral Realism, Callicles argument on the Superior Individual is in fact one of interest because it is often deemed true, regardless of the false fallacies that exist. It is often believed that in nature as well as in humanity, strength and weakness are viable factors in determining levels of success, social roles and survival etc. AlthoughRead MoreThe Artistic And Technical Aspects Of The s La Grande Illusion1404 Words   |  6 PagesThe journey and the development of the cinematic genre now called the ‘French Poetic Realism’, unraveled in a French film sector battling for its place in a post-war world, in competition with the American and German industries. While the sector tried to recuperate from the strike of a chaotic political and social environment, the increasing prevalence of smaller companies provided filmmakers s uch as Chenal, Vigo, Duvivier and Renoir with the necessary environment to experiment and produce creativeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Idiot And The Idiot By Ernest Hemingway958 Words   |  4 PagesDostoevsky’s The Idiot and Ernest Hemingway s A Farewell To Arms feature differing schools of thought in the ever-evolving world of literature; A Farewell To Arms depicting impressionistic realism through Hemingway s objective retelling of events in the First World War, and The Idiot conveying psychological realism In Dostoevsky’s projection of not only his epileptic behavior, but his idyllic sense of man (Neilson Kashdan). Despite these differences in writing styles, each author features the inclusionRead MoreEssay on Naturalism and Realism1298 Words   |  6 Pages Beginning in the late 19th century, two separate movements spread across America know as realism and naturalism. While the two were very similar in their beliefs and ideals there were still many apparent distin ctions to differentiate the two. Realism and naturalism showed themselves in many aspects of life, from art and sciences to new math techniques and even religion. However, above all else these movements may have been most evident in the literature of this time. Reading through American literature

Lotus Versus Zen Buddhism Free Essays

William Bettley 4/3/2013 Cul 260 Prof. Grohe Zen (or Chan) and Lotus Buddhism A Comparison Essay Buddhism, like many other major religions has expanded past a simple definition. There are a large number of regions that practice this astronomically large religion, and throughout the years since its introduction to the world it has developed a large number of ways to practice the belief system. We will write a custom essay sample on Lotus Versus Zen Buddhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The sect with the largest number of temples in Japan is Zen Buddhism, the second largest number belong to the Lotus, or Nichiren Sect. Zen, being the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese character Chan, falls into a much larger sect of Buddhism, with many different branches; this paper will look into the Japanese Zen branch and the Soto-Zen branch. These branches will be compared to the almost exclusively Japanese sect of Buddhism, Nichiren. The Nichiren sect, that borrows its name from its founder, is an extremely large sect of Buddhism whose main sutra is the Lotus Sutra. The Nichiren sect of Buddhism is any denomination of Buddhism that derives its beliefs from the teachings of the ancient Japanese teacher Nichiren. Nichiren is comprised of more than forty different independent religious institutions. Nichiren, originally a monk of the Tendai doctrine did not see himself as the creator of a sect, nor did he give his followers a name. It was in his death that his teachings, based on the Lotus Sutra, were denominated to be the Lotus sect of Buddhism† (Buswell Vol. 2). The largest of the Nichiren branches has its largest temple in Yamanashi and is called Nichrenshu. â€Å"Nichiren adopted the Tiantai School doctrine of reality as three thousand realms in a single thought to explain the theoretical basis upon which ordinary people can reach Buddhahood. He found this single thought doctrine not as an access from meditation, but as concrete manifestations from the three great secret dharmas. He derived these three secret dharmas from the latter half of the Lotus Sutra, or the origin teachings, thus these three secret dharmas became the core of his teachings. † (Buswell Vol. 2) The Daimoku, or name, is the Myohorengekyo or name of the Lotus Sutra. Nichiren believed this to embody the essence of all Buddhist teachings. He felt that all that Buddha is and was and ever will be can be embodied in a practitioner through the faith and chanting of this name. He felt that through reciting this mane, the essence of the Buddhist teaching can be transferred to the practitioner in a moment of faith. This was the first dharma of lotus teaching. As with most major religions, and religious sects, there is an identifying object. The Lotus sect of Buddhism is no different. The second dharma of Lotus teaching was the honzon, or object of worship. During Nichiren’s lifetime he developed a calligraphy Mandala, an example of which you can see above. This is an example of the item of worship you would bear reverence to in this sect of Buddhism, and this can be found in every Lotus Buddhist temple. Namu Myohorengekyo is inscribed down the center, and to the left and right are inscribed the names of Buddha, along with the representatives of the assembly of the Lotus Sutra. The third dharma is the most controversial. The kaidan is to some a platform of belief, while to others it is a physical thing. By definition it is a platform loosely described in Nichiren’s writings. It is more definitely an ordination platform. In the esoteric sense it means that wherever one embraces the Lotus sutra is the Buddha land. There is not much to say about this but to say that Nichiren has mixed reviews on what he believed this to be. â€Å"Zen is the Japanese pronunciation of the Japanese character Chan† (Buswell Vol. 2). This was one of the first quotes in my paper, and allows us to look at Zen in a different light. While it remains the Zen school of Buddhism in Japan, it is a branch of the Chan school of Buddhism, thus to look at Zen, you must first see Chan. This section will look into both the Japanese Zen Buddhism, and the Soto Chan Buddhism. Japanese Zen Buddhism is almost exactly like the original Chan School, because it took upon itself Chan concepts in Japanese style. There is not much of a difference between the Chan School and central Buddhist practice, and thus I will not look deeply into it. One of the primary notable things about the Zen school is that it, much like other schools, incited much violence between the schools because of a difference of views. Soto Chan Buddhism takes as its main concept that one is already Buddha, and to take up the mantle, you must sit in meditation without the attempting to become Buddha. This is interesting and much different from what we have learned prior in this paper. Most schools of Buddhism do not see themselves already being Buddha, and most strive to achieve Buddhism, and that takes a huge parting path from original Buddha teachings. Thus far in this paper we have broken down many branches of Buddhism schools and how they differ in belief. That being the target of the paper would imply that this is the end, but I must make a few additional remarks. In Buddhism one strives to achieve enlightenment. In that cause Buddhism is different from many religions. It takes a walk away from heaven, and strives towards the land of Buddha. But like many other religions there is discrepancy, and thus there is conflict. That does not mean that Buddhism is bad, just normal. There is much more depth this paper could look into, but doing so would make this a Buddhism paper, and not just the cores of the sects I am looking into. To see more of how this paper applies to Buddhism, would much improve the knowledge of the coherency of this paper. References Buswell, Robert E. Encyclopedia of Buddhism Vol. 1 Macmillan Reference USA. 004 PP, 134-135 Buswell, Robert E. Encyclopedia of Buddhism Vol. 2 Macmillan Reference USA. 2004 PP, 595-598, 293 Princeton EDU Nichiren Buddhism, Author Unknown, https://www. princeton. edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Nichiren_Buddhism. html Yusa, Michiko. Japanese Religious Traditions. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print. All images belong to their original owners and no profit will be made from their inclusion in this paper. Any profit from this paper will be distributed to the owners of the original image holders at their request. How to cite Lotus Versus Zen Buddhism, Papers

Language and the Brain Essay Example

Language and the Brain Essay Language and the brain Many people assume the physical basis of language lies in the lips, the tongue, or the ear. But deaf and mute people can also possess language fully. People who have no capacity to use their vocal cords may still be able to comprehend language and use its written forms. And human sign language, which is based on visible gesture rather than the creation of sound waves, is an infinitely creative system just like spoken forms of language. But the basis of sign language is not in the hand, just as spoken language is not based in the lips or tongue. There are many examples of aphasics who lose both the ability to write as well as to express themselves using sign-language, yet they never lose manual dexterity in other tasks, such as sipping with a straw or tying their shoes. Language is brain stuffnot tongue, lip, ear, or hand stuff. The language organ is the mind. More specifically, the language faculty seems to be located in certain areas of the  left hemispheric cortex in most healthy adults. A special branch of linguistics, New medical imaging techniques such as  PET  and  fMRI  have allowed researchers to generate pictures showing which areas of a living brain are active at a given time. In the past, research was primarily based on observations of loss of ability resulting from damage to thecerebral cortex. We will write a custom essay sample on Language and the Brain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Language and the Brain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Language and the Brain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Indeed, medical imaging has represented a radical step forward for research on speech processing. Since then, a whole series of relatively large areas of the brain have been found to be involved in speech processing. In more recent research, subcortical regions (those lying below the cerebral cortex such as the  putamen  and the  caudate nucleus) as well as the pre-motor areas (BA 6) have received increased attention. It is now generally assumed that the following structures of the cerebral cortex near the  primary and secondary auditory cortexes  play a fundamental role in speech processing: * Superior temporal gyrus  (STG):  morphosyntactic  processing (anterior section), integration of  syntactic  and  semantic  information (posterior section) * Inferior frontal gyrus  (IFG,  Brodmann area  (BA)  45/47): syntactic processing,  working memory * Inferior frontal gyrus  (IFG,  BA 44): syntactic processing, working memory * Middle temporal gyrus  (MTG):  lexical semantic  processing The left hemisphere is usually dominant in right-handed people, although bilateral activations are not uncommon in the area of syntactic processing. It is now accepted that the right hemisphere plays an important role in the processing of suprasegmental acoustic features like  prosody. Most areas of speech processing develop in the second year of life in the dominant half (hemisph ere) of the brain, which often (though not necessarily) corresponds to the opposite of the  dominant hand. 8 percent of right-handed people are left-hemisphere dominant, and the majority of left-handed people as well. What can language disorders tell us about the brains language areas? Tourettes syndrome, which produces random and involuntary emotive reflex responses, including vocalizations This type of disorder, which often affects language use, is caused by a disfunction in the subcortex. There is no filter which prevents the slightest stimulus from producing a vocal response, sometimes of an inappropriate manner using abusive language or expletives. These words are involuntary and often the affected individual is not even aware of uttering them (like um in many individuals) and only realizes it when video is played back. This syndrome is not so much a language disorder per se as a disorder of the filters on the adult emotional reflex systema kind of expletive hiccup. True language is housed in the cortex of the left hemisphere, not in the subcortical area that controls involuntary responses. Certain types of brain damage can affect language production without actually eliminating language from the brain. A stroke that damages the muscles of the vocal apparatus may leave the abstract cognitive structure of language intactas witnessed by the fact that right hemisphere stroke victims often understand language perfectly well and write it perfectly with their right handalthough their speech may be slurred due to lack of muscle control. We have also seen that certain disorders involving the subcortexthe seat of involuntary emotional responsemay have linguistic side effects, such as in some cases of Tourettes syndrome. But what happens when the areas of the brain which control language are affected directly, and the individuals abstract command of language is affected? We will see that language disorders can shed a great deal of light on the enigma of the human language instinct. SLI. One rare language disorder seems to be inborn rather than the result of damage to a previously normal brain. I have said that children are born with a natural instinct to acquire language, the so-called LAD; however, a tiny minority of babies are born with an apparent defect in this LAD. Certain families appear to have a hereditary language acquisition disorder, labeled  specific language impairment, or  SLI. Children born with this disorder usually have normal intelligence, perhaps even high intelligence, but as children they are never able to acquire language naturally and effortlessly. They are born with their window of opportunity already closed to natural language acquisition. These children grow up without succeeding in acquiring any consistent grammatical patterns. Thus, they never command any language welleven their native language. As children and then as adults, their speech in their native language is a catalog of random grammatical errors, such as:Its a flying birds, they are. These boy eat two cookie. John is work in the factory. These errors are random, not the set patterns of an alternate dialect:   the next conversation the same SLI-afflicted individual might say  This boys eats two cookies. These sentences, in fact, were uttered by a British teenager who is at the top of his class in mathematics; he is highly intelligent, just grammar blind. SLI sufferers are incapable of perfecting their skills through being taught, just as some people are incapable of being taught how to draw well or how to see certain colors. This is the best proof we have that the language instinct most children are born with is a skill quite distinct from general intelligence. Because SLI occurs in families and seems to have no environmental cause whatsoever, it is assumed to be caused by some hereditary factorprobably a mutant, recessive gene that interferes with or impairs the LAD. The precise gene which causes SLI has yet to be located. Aphasia We know which specific areas of the left hemisphere are involved in the production and processing of particular aspects of language. And we know this primarily from the study of patients who have had damage to certain parts of the left hemispheric cortex. Damage to this area produces a condition called  aphasia, or speech impairment (also called dysphasia in Britain). The study of language loss in a once normal brain is called  aphasiology. Aphasia is caused by damage to the language centers of the left hemisphere in the region of the  sylvian fissure. Nearly 98% of aphasia cases can be traced to damage in the  perisylvian area  of the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Remember, however, that in the occasional individual language is localized elsewhere; and in children language is not yet fully localized. SUMMARY Lets sum up three important facts about language and brain. First, humans are born with the innate capacity to acquire the extremely complex, creative system of communication that we call language. We are born with a  language instinct, which Chomsky calls the LAD (language acquisition device). This language aptitude is completely different from inborn reflex responses to stimuli as laughter, sneezing, or crying. The language instinct seems to be a uniquely human genetic endowment:   nearly all children exposed to language naturally acquire language almost as if by magic. Only in rare cases are children born without this magical ability to absorb abstract syntactic patterns from their environment. These children are said to suffer from  Specific Language Impairment, or  SLI. It is thought that SLI is caused by a mutant gene which disrupts the LAD. The LAD itself, of course, is probably the result of the complex interaction of many genesnot just oneand the malfunction of some single key gene simply short-circuits the system. For example, a faulty carburetor wire may prevent an engine from running, but the engine is more than a single carburetor wire. Many thousands of genes contribute to the makeup of the human brainmore than to any other single aspect of the human body. To isolate the specific set of genes that act as the blueprint for the language organ is something no one has even begun to do. Second, the  natural ability for acquiring language normally diminished rapidly somewhere around the age of puberty. There is a  critical age  for acquiring fluent native language. This phenomenon seems to be connected with thelateralization  of language in the left hemisphere of most individualsthe hemisphere associated with  monolinear cognition  (such as abstract reasoning and step-by step physical tasks) and not the right hemisphere, which is associated with 3D spatial acuity, artistic and musical ability. Unlike adults, children seem to be able to employ both hemispheres to acquire language. In other words, one might say that children acquire language three-dimensionally while adults must learn it two dimensionally. Third and finally, in most adults  the language organ is the perisylvian area of the left hemispheric cortex. Yesterday we discussed the extensive catalog of evidence that shows language is usually housed in this specific area of the brain. Only the human species uses this area for communication. The signals of animal systems of communication seem to be controlled by the subcortex, the area which in humans controls similar inborn response signals such as laughter, crying, fear, desire, etc.